Ecosystems

 Due to the Abiotic and biotic factors, different ecosystems devlop in different ways. These factors and their interaction between each other have resulted in the formation of different types of ecosystems. An ecosystem can be natural or artificial, temporary or permanent. A large grassland or a forest or a single log, an edge of pond an aquarium can all be regarded as ecosystem.

    An ecosystem can thus be defined as a functional unit of nature, where living organisms interact among themselves and also with the surrounding physical environment. 

   

Mangrove system

     Mangroves are one of the most productive ecosystems on earth, deriving mineral nutrients from terrestrial fresh water and tidal waters. Mangroves are the forests that grow in backwaters of low depth areas of sea shore. Mangrove serves as an important feeding, nourishing and breeding ground for a variety of commercial by important organisms and also serves as protected area for endangered species.

    Sunderbans of west bengal, coringa of godavari, mangroves of Andaman and lakshwadeep. Numerous creeks and canals travel in ecosystem.

    

  

Biotic components

  Producers:- Mangrove, Spirogyra, Oscilatoria,  Ulothrix(blue-green algae) etc.

Consumers:- shrimp, crab, Hydra, protozoans, mussel, snail, turtle,daphina, tube worm etc. 

Decomposers:-Detritus feeding bacteria etc.

Desert ecosystems

 The deserts occupy about 17% of the land and occur in regions with an average rainfall of less than 10 inches per year. Due to extreme of temperature, the species composition of desert ecosystem is much varied and typical. They have so many adaptions according to surrounding. 

    While deserts are dry, they can be found all around the world. While we may think of a desert as a hot, dry piece of land, it can be cold as well. Regardless of the region, any desert is usually cold at night and receives very little rainfall. However, they do produce plants that have adapted to such living conditions. 

    The ecosystem is dependent upon the type of desert; temperate deserts, also referred to as cold deserts or hot or subtropical deserts. Hot deserts and cold deserts have different kinds of ecosystems. However, despite being very different, the two kinds of deserts have a few similarities. 

   

1.Producers:- shrubs, grasses, cactus, lichens , xerophyte mosses and blue green algae.

2.Consumers:- insects, reptiles, nocturnal animals, camels etc.

Forest ecosystem

Forest ecosystems have unique environment and are categorised based on the type and ages of trees, climate and soil. They impact the environment at scales ranging from local to by influencing climate, nutrients dynamics and water movement . Forests are found all over the world and they provide valuable economic and environmental services.

   

Producers:- all trees, shrubs and herbs

Consumers:- ants, flies, beetles, elephants, deers, squirrels,snakes, lions , tigers etc.